Tests
of General Relativity with Orbiting Bodies| Tests
of General Relativity with Orbiting Bodies |
In General > s.a [tests of general
relativity]; anomalous
acceleration; orbits
of gravitating bodies.
* Lunar ranging: Provides
stringent limits on violations of the equivalence principle, and enables
very accurate
tests of relativistic gravity.
@ Frameworks: Jaekel & Reynaud MPLA(05)gq/04 [for
slightly generalized general relativity,
and Pioneer].
@ Lunar ranging: Nordtvedt PR(68);
Nordtvedt CQG(96) [isotropy of gravity]; Cowsik ap/99 [radio];
Mashhoon & Theiss in(01)gq/00;
Nordtvedt CQG(01), GRG(03)gq/02, gq/03-in,
Williams et al IJMPD(04)gq/03-in, gq/04-in,
PRL(04)gq,
gq/04-in
[laser]; Müller et al gq/05-in;
Kopeikin gq/07.
@ Other ranging: Anderson et al ApJ(96)gq/95 [Mars,
Jupiter]; Iorio JGSP(02)gq/01 [satellites]; Turyshev
et
al gq/04-in
[Moon, Mars & beyond]; Iorio NA(06)gq/05
[extrasolar
planet HD 209458b]; Bertolami ap/06-in
[high-accuracy solar system tests]; Turyshev & Williams gq/06-in
[Moon, Mars]; Ashby et al PRD(07)
[BepiColombo future mission].
> Various systems: see black hole types [supermassive binary]; neutron
stars [pulsars].
Perihelion Advance / Precession > s.a.
multipoles; Runge-Lenz
Vector; solar system; test-body
orbits; Two-Body.
* Idea: In general relativity
non-circular planetary orbits precess – their radial frequency is not
equal to their angular frequency – and the magnitude can be used
as a test
of general relativity; Only in the newtonian limit a 
RS we
get no precession; In addition to the leading order term, there is a Thirring-Lense,
gravitomagnetic term due to the Sun's rotation.
* Prediction: For Mercury,
43"/cy; For the binary pulsar, 4°/yr;
In general,
prec
3
(GM)3/2 / c2(1–e2)
a5/2 .
* Results: Value of 
consistent
with general relativity to within 
()
= 0.003; J2,Sun 10–7 from
acoustic power spectra.
* Lense-Thirring term:
2005, The prediction is –0.0020, –0.0001 and –3 × 10–5 "/cy,
for the three inner planets respectively, and are compatible with the measured
perihelia corrections of –0.0036 
0.0050,
–0.0002 0.0004
and 0.0001 0.0005,
respectively; Smaller experimental errors for Mercury should be possible with
the BepiColombo mission.
@ Mercury: Moffat PRL(83)
[and solar multipoles]; Stump AJP(88),
comment Doggett AJP(91);
Kurucz ap/06 [without
general relativity?].
@ With cosmological constant:
Islam PLA(83);
Freire et al GRG(01)gq/02 [+
conical defect]; Kraniotis & Whitehouse CQG(03)ap.
@ In other gravity theories: Iorio AHEP(07)-a0710 [f(R)
theories and DGP models]; Biswas & Mani a0802 [in
other gravity theory]; Schmidt a0803 [modified
newtonian].
@ Related topics: Bolen et al CQG(01)gq/00 [McVittie];
Stairs
ap/01-in,
LRR(03)ap [pulsar
timing]; Dereli & Tucker MPLA(02)gq/01 [torsion];
Pireaux
et al ASS(03)ap/01 [bounds
on parameters]; Iorio PSS(07)gq/05 [LT
term]; Kraniotis CQG(05)gq [Kerr,
Kerr-AdS]; Iorio JCAP(05)gq [and
brane world]; Magnan a0712 [complete
derivation]; Pál & Kocsis MNRAS-a0806,
Jordan & Bakos ApJ-a0806
[exoplanets].
Lense-Thirring Effect > s.a. brans-dicke
theory; gravitomagnetism; mach's
principle.
* Idea: Gravitomagnetic
effect, consisting in the precession of the
orbital
plane of a particle orbiting around a rotating mass (spin-orbital angular
momentum
coupling); Does not depend on the inclination of the orbit.
* History: Geodetic precession
of the Moon orbit predicted by de Sitter in
1916, 2"/cy; Lense 1917; Thirring 1918.
* Experiment: For the Moon,
measured 2 0.04"/cy;
more experiments
planned;
1998, Evidence for Earth satellites and motion around neutron star / black hole;
2002,
NASA-Stanford Gravity Probe B (scheduled for launch this Fall, should measure
precessions of
42 mas/yr) and LAGEOS projects nearing completion; 2004, Gravity
Probe
B launched; 2004–2005, Gravity Probe B data taking, with analysis scheduled
to
be
completed
in
2007; 2007, Effect measured with a precision of 1%, 0.01% expected once certain
torques on apparatus are understood.
@ General references: Thirring & Lense PZ(18);
Braginsky
et al PRL(84);
Landau & Lifshitz
on
field theory,
pr104; Adler & Silbergleit IJTP(00)gq/99;
Armitage & Natarajan ap/99/ApJ
[accretion
disks];
Iorio
NCB(01)gq/99 [derivation];
Ciufolini GRG(04);
Ahluwalia-Khalilova
GRG(04)
[C-conjugation]; Embacher IJMPD(05)
[rev]; Iorio gq/06 [proposal];
Ruffini & Sigismondi ed-03.
@ Experiments with Earth orbits: Ciufolini FP(86)
[proposal]; Iorio
CQG(02)gq [polar
orbits].
@ Solar system experiments: Ciufolini PRL(86);
Bertotti et al PRL(87)
[lunar perigee];
Ciufolini
et
al
gq/97/Nat;
Iorio
RNC(02)gq/01,
PLA(03)gq/02, gq/03-in, gq/04-in;
Iorio & Doornbos GRG(05)gq/04 [Jason-1];
Iorio NA(05)gq,
GRG(06)gq/05 [impact
of Earth gravity measurements]; Iorio & Lainey IJMPD(05)gq [Galilean
satellites of
Jupiter]; Iorio IJMPD(07)gq/06
[Cassini
and Saturn satellites]; Iorio CQG(06)gq [MGS
and Mars, evidence]; Iorio in(07)gq,
comment Krogh CQG(07)ap +
Iorio gq/07,
and
Sindoni et al gq/07 +
Iorio gq/07 [with
MGS]; Murphy et al PRL(07)
[and lunar orbit]; Iorio a0803 [Mars
mission].
@ With binary pulsars:
O'Connell PRL(04)gq [proposal];
Stairs et al PRL(04) [measurement];
@ LAGEOS: Iorio CQG(01)gq/00 [and
clock
effect], gq/04, gq/04,
et al CQG(04)gq/02,
gq/04; Iorio
a0802, a0803 [LARES].
@ Gravity Probe B: Will PRD(03)gq/02 [theory];
news NASA(04)apr
[launch], NASA(04)sep
[data
taking]; Bencze et al NPPS(07)
[rev]; news pn(07)apr,
pw(07)apr
[preliminary results]; "Forst" a0712 [criticism];
news pw(08)may [panel report].
Lense-Thirring-Schiff Effect (frame dragging) > s.a. gravitomagnetism;
black hole phenomenology; mach's
principle.
* Idea: The precession of the spin axis of an orbiting gyroscope; Analogous
to the principle of equivalence, in that all gyroscopes will precess
equally;
usually interpreted in Machian terms, using the concept of "frame dragging";
The rate of precession d
/dt
depends on the orbital
inclination.
* Observation, experiments:
1990, Precession of the spin of the binary pulsar observed; 1997, Observed in
modulation
of X-ray
signals from neutron stars [@ news pn(97)nov];
2004,
Gravity
Probe B space gyroscope mission launched;
2007, "Glimpses" of frame dragging effect seen in data; Indirect evidence
provided by LAGEOS; 2008, Double pulsar data confirm predictions [@ news
sr(08)jul]; > s.a. Non-Symmetric
Gravity.
@ References: Schiff PNAS(60);
Mashhoon et al GRG(84);
Cui et al ap/97/ApJL
[obs, X-ray binaries];
Rindler
PLA(97)
[interpretation]; Kalogera & Psaltis PRD(00)ap/99 [neutron
stars];
Hernández-Pastora
et al gq/00 [gyroscopes];
Holstein AJP(01)
[simple]; Ciufolini
gq/02-in [experiments];
Ashby news Nat(04)oct;
Robertson gq/05 [compared
to Newtonian gravity + special relativity]; O'Connell CQG(05)gq;
Epstein FP(08) [Hamiltonian approach].
Main page – Abbreviations – Journals – Comments – Other
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Send feedback and suggestions to bombelli at olemiss.edu – Modified
17 jul 2008