Tests
of General Relativity with Light| Tests
of General Relativity with Light |
Gravitational Redshift > s.a. doppler [redshift].
* Idea: A photon's energy/frequency
decreases as it climbs out of a gravitational potential well.
* Tests: Pound & Rebka (1960) used the Mössbauer
effect, 1%; Vessot et al used H masers launched by rocket.
* Plan: Put a stable
clock around the Sun, to give 
(
)
= 10–6, (
)
= 10–7.
@ General references: Pound & Rebka PRL(60);
Vessot & Levine GRG(79);
Okun MPLA(00), MPLA(00)hp [thought
experiment]; Teyssandier et al a0711 [using
Synge's world function].
@ Specific situations:
DeDeo & Psaltis PRL(03)ap [atomic
lines from neutron stars]; Kopeikin et al PLA(07)gq/06 [Cassini
and radio
waves near the Sun]; Müller ap/06-in
[from disk around black hole].
Light Deflection > s.a. lensing; phenomenology
of gravity; Runge-Lenz Vector; tests
of general relativity [and other
theories].
* Prediction: For a light ray grazing the Sun, 
=
1.75".
* Results: Consistent
with =
1; 1989, Analysis of radio waves using VLBI in progress, estimate ()
= 0.002.
* Remark: In general
relativity, although particle paths depend on orientation of spin, there is
no optical
birefringence
(> see polarization).
* LATOR: A proposed mission
that would send two laser-transmitter spacecraft behind the Sun to measure
the relative gravitational light bending of their signals using a hundred-meter-baseline
optical interferometer, to be constructed on the ISS; Should allow a simultaneous
determination of the orbit parameters of the spacecraft and of with
an uncertainty of 2.4 
10–9,
a 6 × 10–9 determination
of the solar quadrupole moment J2,
and the first measurement of the second-order post-PPN parameter to
an accuracy of about 10–3.
@ General references: Dyson et al PTRS(20);
Dyson Nat(21)feb;
Fomalont & Sramek PRL(76);
Richter
& Matzner ASS(81);
Richter & Matzner PRD(82),
PRD(82);
Bruckman & Esteban AJP(93);
Lebach et al PRL(95)
[radio waves by Sun]; Lerner AJP(97)
[in Schwarzschild]; Dodelson & Wiegert
ap/97 [by
vector perturbations]; Gerard & Pireaux gq/99;
Bodenner & Will AJP(03)
[to second order]; Díaz-Miguel PRD(04)
[fall in uniform g field]; Brügmann PRD(05)gq [post-linear
order]; Iyer & Petters GRG(07)
[Schwarzschild, analytical perturbation framework]; Magnan a0712 [complete
derivation].
@ With cosmological constant: Islam PLA(83);
Freire et al GRG(01)gq/02 [+
conical defect]; Rindler
& Ishak PRD(07)-a0709 [non-vanishing
effect].
@ LATOR mission:
Turyshev et al CQG(04)gq/03-in,
NPPS(04)gq-in, gq/04-in,
IJMPD(04)gq-in,
gq/05-in,
gq/06-in;
Plowman & Hellings CQG(06)gq/05;
Turyshev & Shao gq/07-in.
@ By planets: Kopeikin ap/03 [Jupiter];
Crosta & Mignard CQG(06)ap/05 [and
Gaia mission]; Kopeikin & Makarov PRD(07)gq/06 [planetary
multipoles].
@ Kerr metric: Iorio
NCB(03)gq/02;
Kraniotis CQG(05)gq [and
Kerr-AdS]; Edery
& Godin GRG(06)
[second-order, equatorial].
@ Other metrics: Lake PRD(02)
[Kottler]; Ruggiero et al IJMPD(06)
[rotating sources, and quadrupole moments].
@ Related topics:
Durrer PRL(94)
[in perturbed FRW spacetime]; Mohanty & Prasanna ap/95 [no
birefringence]; Ferraro AJP(03)gq/02 [and
equivalence principle].
Signal Retardation (Shapiro time delay) > s.a. gamma
ray astronomy; neutron
stars.
* Idea: The light travel time between planets is longer than the corresponding
flat spacetime value.
* Remark: It is always a
delay, not an advance, as follows from the energy conditions [@ Visser et al NPPS(00)gq/98].
* Results: Consistent
with =
1, with ()
= 0.002, from Viking landers; 2003, 1.5 order of magnitude improvement with
Cassini.
@ General references: Shapiro PRL(64);
Reasenberg et al ApJL(79); Richter & Matzner PRD(83);
in Wald 84, 146–148; Bruckman & Esteban AJP(93);
Teyssandier et al a0711 [using Synge's world function].
@ In binary systems: Laguna & Wolszczan ap/97 [pulsar-black
hole]; van Straten et al Nat(01)jul
[pulsar-black hole]; Tartaglia et al PRD(05)gq.
@ Related topics: Kopeikin ApJL(01)gq [quasars,
extra term from speed of gravity]; Iorio NCB(03)gq/02 [in
Kerr]; Ciufolini et al PLA(03)gq/02 [rotating
masses]; Bertotti et al Nat(03)sep
+ pw(03)sep
[Cassini];
Ruggiero & Tartaglia PRD(05)gq [binary
pulsars, gravitomagnetic corrections]; Bertotti et al CQG(08) [effect of Sun's
motion].
@ In other theories: Asada a0710;
Schucker & Zaimen a0801 [effect
of cosmological constant]; > s.a. brans-dicke; Non-Symmetric
Gravity.
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5 jul 2008