Types
of Dark Matter| Types
of Dark Matter |
In General > s.a. content of the
universe; dark matter [alternatives].
* 1990: Cold baryonic
dark matter seems to be the most reasonable guess.
* 1991: Cold dark matter
predictions are wrong for large-scale structure [@ Nat(91)jan].
* 1996: Hybrid models,
in which galactic dark matter is most likely cold and non-exotic, while at
the cluster level it is probably hot.
* 2000: Large objects
ruled out by microlensing, WIMPS are the prime candidates (s.a. "direct detection").
* 2001: New forms of
cold dark matter appear possible, like comet-type objects.
* 2003: LambdaCDM (the
CDM being possibly WIMPS and axions) appears to fit large-scale structure observations
well; The Central Cusps and Too Many
Satellites problems appear to be partly solved, so Angular Momentum is the
main remaining
CDM problem.
* 2004: Considered most
likely
is
-CDM with
WIMPs if conventional cosmology holds, or higher-dimensional sources if spacetime
needs to be extended.
@ General references: Taoso et al JCAP(08)-a0711 [ten-point
test]; Melia IJMPD(09)-a0812 [constraints
from expansion of cosmic horizon]; Bergström NJP(09)-a0903.
@ Reviews: Jetzer ap/96;
Mikheeva ASR(03)
[hybrid, cosmological models]; Lazarides LNP(07)hp/06
[particle physics]; Krauss ap/07-in.
Hot Dark Matter > s.a. neutrino; quintessence.
* Idea: Made of light
energetic particles like light neutrinos, etc; 2002, Using KamLAND data, 
nu 
0.070 h–2.
* Predictions: In Zel'dovich's
hydrodynamic theory, one gets a top-down, "pancake'' picture of galaxy formation,
start at the cluster level, with 1015 mSun.
* Difficulties: Hard
pressed to reproduce correlations, but possible with early galaxy formation
triggered
by cosmic strings; Neutrinos cannot account
for galactic halo dark matter, because of the Pauli principle.
@ Neutrinos: Sciama Nat(90)dec, PRL(90);
NS(91)mar9, p30; Hogan Nat(91)may;
Primack BL(01)ap;
Lieu ap/05/ApJL
[excluded]; Nieuwenhuizen EPL(09)-a0812 [non-relativistic].
@ Other fermions: Guendelman & Kaganovich gq/03 [CLEP
of regular and dark fermions]; Hannestad et al JCAP(05)ap [vs
bosons]; Boeckel & Schaffner-Bielich PRD(07)-a0707.
@ Other types: Dick ht/96,
Cho & Kim PRD(09)-a0711 [dilaton];
Cheng mp/04 [Weyl's
vector boson].
Cold Dark Matter > s.a. Axinos;
axions; cmb; dark
matter and observation; graviton [massive].
* Idea: Exotic, heavy
particles like photinos, higgsinos, scalar neutrinos, WIMPs or axions, or
things like small black holes and brown dwarves (MACHOs), or molecular clouds.
* WIMPs: Weakly Interacting
Massive Particles; The Lightest Supersymmetric Particles, that cannot decay
because of R-parity; Thought to have a mass of about 50 mp;
2006, Some form of neutralino WIMP is considered the leading candidate; SuperWIMPS
may be detected at LHC.
* MACHOs: MAssive Compact
Halo Objects, of various possible types; 2005, According to some microlensing
experiments, they may account for about 20% of the Galactic dark halo; Not
enough to be
the main
component
of dark matter.
* Predictions: Leads
to bottom-up galaxy formation (start with 105 mSun).
* Difficulties: Has some
difficulties with distribution of galaxies, but seems to work well for the
Milky Way; 2003, Seems to work well on large scales, may have difficulties
on small (subgalactic) scales.
@ Reviews: Tasitsiomi IJMPD(03)
[small scales]; Baer & Tata a0805-in [and the LHC].
@ WIMPs: Freese et al PRD(01)ap [detection];
Feng et al PRL(03)hp,
PRD(03)hp,
PRL(06) [superWIMPS].
@ Milky Way and Local Group: Lopez-Corredoira et al A&A(99)ap [high-velocity
clouds]; Merrifield ap/03-in
[halo].
@ And galaxy structure: D'Onghia & Lake ApJ(04)ap/03;
Combes
ap/03-in
[-CDM].
@ Non-interacting: Peebles & Vilenkin PRD(99)ap; Peebles ap/00 [scalar acting like fluid].
@ Scalar: Matos et al CQG(00);
Nucamendi et al PRD(01);
Boehm and Fayet NPB(04);
Matos et al MNRAS-a0806 [with 
2 potential].
@ MACHOs and
MCOs: Schunck & Mielke CQG(03)
[boson stars]; Oppenheimer et al Sci(01)ap, ap/01/Sci
[white dwarves]; Evans & Belokurov ap/04-in
[end of MACHO theory]; Metcalf & Silk PRL(07)ap/06 + pw(07)feb
[constraints]; Zackrisson & Flynn ApJ-a0809 [subdwarf
stars].
@ Other types: Soberman & Dubin
ap/01 [meteoroid-like];
Banerjee et al MNRAS(03)ap/02 [quark
matter]; Ma & Bertschinger
ApJ(04)ap/03 [kinetic
theory of halos]; Ellis JPCS(06)ap/05
[study with "little bangs"]; Froggatt & Nielsen PRL(05)
+ pw(05)dec,
ap/05-in
[balls
of different
phase]; Bell et al A&A(06)ap [molecular];
de Vega & Sánchez a0901 [evidence
for keV-scale particles]; Frampton JCAP(09) [black holes]; > s.a. black-hole
types.
Other Models > s.a. bimetric
gravity; higher-dimensional
gravity; matter [mirror matter]; Non-Symmetric
Gravity; Quaternions; tachyons.
* Hybrid: Need both cold
and dark matter to explain all observed features (unless one invokes a cosmological
constant).
@ From brane world: Cembranos et al PRL(03)hp [brane
fluctuations]; Chatilloin et al PRD(06).
@ Other modified gravity: Cembranos PRL(09)-a0809 [R2 gravity];
Hehl & Mashhoon PLB(09)-a0812,
PRD(09)-a0902 [non-local
gravity].
@ Hybrid: Primack & Klypin NPPS(96)ap;
Gondolo ap/04-in
[non-baryonic].
@ Giant boson star, BEC as halo:
Sin PRD(94)hp/92,
Ji & Sin PRD(94); Lee & Koh PRD(96)hp/95;
Böhmer & Harko JCAP(07)-a0705.
@ Sterile neutrinos: Seljak et al PRL(06)ap;
Biermann & Munyaneza ap/07-in;
Shaposhnikov ap/07-in;
Riemer-Sorensen & Hansen a0901 [decay, in dwarf galaxies].
@ Other warm dark matter: Abazajian & Koushiappas PRD(06)ap
[constraints]; Viel et al PRL(06)ap [sterile
neutrinos basically ruled out].
@ Supersymmetric, sparticles: Jungman et al PRP(96);
Abbas ap/99;
Ellis ap/99-in;
Arnowitt & Dutta hp/02-in, hp/02-in;
Cline ap/03-in
[search]; Matchev NPPS(04)
[beyond
standard
model:
supersymmetry,
Kaluza-Klein,
scalar]; Babu et al PRL(07)
[and baryon asymmetry]; > s.a. Neutralino.
@ Other particle physics: Bailin et al NPB(99)
[strings/M-theory]; Bertone et al PRD(03)
[Kaluza-Klein, indirect
detection]; Müller PRD(05)ap/04 [bounds
on equation of state]; Baltz ap/04-in;
Drexler ap/05 [constraints];
Kirillov PLB(06)ap/05;
Dvali et al JCAP(09)-a0903 [many
copies of the standard model]; Dzhunushaliev et al a0912 [classical gauge field]; > s.a. particle
physics [4th
generation].
@ Other proposals: Frampton MPLA(07)ap/06 [from
conformality, quiver gauge theories]; Cirelli et al NPB(06)
[minimal addition
to standard model]; Glinka gq/07-wd
[non-separability
of geometry-matter Lagrangian]; Kirillov & Savelova PLB(08)-a0707 [gas
of wormholes]; Arkani-Hamed et al PRD(09); > s.a. Gravitino; modified
QED [at cosmological scales]; Unparticles.
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jan
2010