Dark Matter – Observations  

Direct Detection of Dark Matter
* 1996: High-energy-style experiments have been running for years, in particular looking for axions.
* 2000: Evidence for WIMPS reported by the DAMA collaboration at the INFN Gran Sasso Lab, based on seasonal variation of events in a shielded NaI scintillator supposedly detecting 50 mp particles – controversial, and contradicted by the more sophisticated Stanford University CDMS team of B Cabrera.
* 2005: DAMA results still controversial, but still quoted.
* 2008: New claims by DAMA that it sees a yearly modulation in the detector signal, indicating a dark matter "wind".
@ Experimental searches: Smith & Lewin PRP(90); Pretzl ed-NJP(00); Sumner LRR(02); Loidl ap/02-in; Cline SA(03)mar; Araújo pw(05)may; Baudis ap/05-in; Beck ap/05-in [using Josephson junctions]; Cooley ap/06-in; Fornengo ap/06-in; Spooner a0705-JPSJ; Zacek a0707-in; Bertone a0710-in [rev]; Baudis a0711-in; Palanque-Delabrouille IJMPA(07); Hooper & Baltz a0802-ARNPS [rev]; Saab MPLA(08); news NYT(08)apr [new DAMA claims]; news pw(08)apr [disputing DAMA claims]; Kane & Watson a0807 [and the LHC].
@ Detectors in space: Feng NPPS(04); Kusenko ap/06-in [sterile neutrinos].
@ WIMP detectors: Morales ap/99-in; Beg et al APL(02) + pn(02)apr; Luscher ap/03 [Boulby mine]; Bernabei et al RNC(03)ap [DAMA]; Morgan CP(03), Seidel ap/03-in [rev]; Birkedal et al PRD(04)hp [at colliders]; Freese et al PRL(04) [Sagittarius Stream]; Chardin ap/04-in [status]; Mirabolfathi ap/04-in; news sr(06)nov [CDMS II experiment]; Landsman ap/06-in [IceCube as dark matter detector]; Schnee ap/06-in [rev]; Benetti et al ap/07/APP [liquid Ar in Gran Sasso]; Wai for GLAST ap/07-in; Behnke et al Nat(08)-a0804 [limits from bubble chamber experiment].
@ Susy dark matter search: Vergados ap/02-in; Cline ap/03-in; Ellis et al PRD(05)hp.
@ Related topics: Boehm et al PRL(04) [signal in 511 keV photons]; Refregier et al ap/06-in [DUNE proposed mission]; Strigari et al ap/07/ApJL [astrometry].
> Online resources: DAMA site.

Other Direct Evidence > s.a. tests of general relativity [cosmological].
* Microlensing: Amount produced by small stars in some galaxies indicates 8–16 times as much mass as from visible stars [@ Langston et al Nat(90)mar]; There may be more stars in halos and gray dwarves in disks than we thought.
@ MACHOS / microlensing: Bennett et al ap/95-in; Gould ap/96-in; De Paolis et al ap/97-in, ap/97-in; Sutherland RMP(99)ap/98; Jetzer ap/98-in; Alcock et al ap/00/ApJL; Lasserre et al ap/00/A&A.
@ References: Sikivie & Wick PRD(02) [solar wakes]; Bourjaily ap/04-in [determining the local density]; Gu et al hp/05 [and dark energy effects]; Clowe et al ap/06/ApJL + sr(06)aug, Clowe & Zaritsky pw(07)feb [galaxy cluster collison].

Dark Matter Distribution > s.a. fractals in physics.
* 1996: Orbiting Japanese X-ray telescope ASCA indicates that dark matter is hierarchical, congregates in galaxies and clusters [@ Ikebe et al Nat(96)feb].
* 2005: Lensing analysis by Natarajan et al show excellent agreement with "concordance model" at galactic scales.
* 2006: Study of 12 Milky Way satellites with VLT shows it clumps at scales above 300 pc, with typical speed 9 km/s.
* 2007: Map of dark matter by COSMOS team shows it overlaps with luminous matter over large scales [@ Massey et al Nat(07)jan + pw(07)jan].
@ Reviews: Linder Nat(07)ap.
@ Near / inside the Sun: Bahcall ApJ(84); Lopes et al MNRAS(02)ap/01 [susy]; Khriplovich & Pitjeva IJMPD(06)ap, Khriplovich IJMPD(07)ap [bounds]; Frère et al PRD(08) [planetary motions]; Adler a0805 [earth-bound, and flyby anomaly].
@ In the Milky Way: Gondolo & Silk PRL(99) + pn(99)sep [near Milky Way core]; Natarajan & Sikivie a0705 [second caustic ring]; Bruch et al a0804-PRL [dark disk].
@ Other galaxies: Rubin SA(83)jun; Sackett ap/99-in; Salucci & Borriello LNP(03)ap/02-in; Hu & Keeton PRD(02)ap [mapping]; Bolatto et al ap/03-in [profiles for dwarf galaxies]; Bosma ap/03-in [overview]; Ascasibar et al MNRAS(04)ap/03 [origin of profiles]; Merrifield ap/04-in [rev]; Kochanek ap/04-in [and lensing]; Dekel et al Nat(05)ap [elliptical]; Pérez et al A&A(05)ap [barred]; McGaugh PRL(05)ap [rotating]; Salucci ap/05-in [spirals]; Stoehr et al ap/06-in [ellipticals]; Wyse and Gilmore a0708-in [dwarf spheroidal galaxies]; > s.a. galaxies [LMC + SMC].
@ Galaxy clusters: Clowe & Zaritsky pw(07)feb [Bullet Cluster]; Bournaud et al Sci(07)may-a0705 [debris of galaxy collisions]; Jee et al a0705-ApJ + pw(07)may [ringlike structure around cluster Cl 0024+17].
@ Related topics: Tyson PT(92)jun [mapping with gravitational radiation]; Stiff & Widrow PRL(03) [fine structure]; Zhao & Silk PRL(05)ap [mini-halos]; Zurek et al PRD(07)ap/06 [miniclusters, "ScaMs"]; Macciò et al a0704 [chaos and shape of dark matter halos].

Other Phenomenological Consequences > see tests of the equivalence principle.
@ Astrophysical: Moskalenko & Wai ap/06 [WIMP-burning stars].
@ Cosmological: Afshordi PRD(07), McDonald PRD(07) [clustering]; news pw(08)feb [cmb polarization].

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