Dark Matter

In General > s.a. observational cosmology; types of dark matter.
* Idea: Matter that interacts only weakly and gravitationally, thus very hard to detect, but can account for some observed properties of the universe; In inflation, necessary in order to reconcile the initial density fluctuations with present short-range correlations between galaxies; Possibly more than one kind, acting on different scales.
* History and motivation: (A precursor was Neptune, discovered from its effect on Uranus); Proposed by Zwicky in the 1930s, based on galaxy cluster velocity dispersions; Later motivated by flat galaxy rotation curves and patterns in large-scale structure.

Effects, Indirect Evidence > s.a. cosmic rays; gamma rays; higher-dimensional gravity; observations [including distribution].
* Dynamical methods: Transverse motion of stars in our galaxy; Differential rotation of our galaxy and other spirals; Escape velocity from our galaxy (lower bound from highest star velocities seen); Internal motions in galaxy clusters, including Milky Way satellites in the Local Group; These are sensitive to clustering below the probed scale.
* Other methods: Flatness of the universe and observed density.
@ Reviews: Roncadelli ap/03-in; Mambrini & Muñoz JCAP(04)hp [vs direct]; De Freitas & Peirani G&C(05)ap [searches]; Bertone & Merritt MPLA(05)ap.
@ Galactic rotation curves: Carmeli IJTP(98)ap/96 [vs expansion]; Edery PRL(99)gq; Bekenstein et al PRL(00)ap/99; Lake PRL(04); Menzies & Mathews gq/06/CQG [general relativity not enough]; Rubin PT(06)dec [M31].
@ Interactions: Ullio et al PRD(02) [into -rays]; Böhm et al ap/02-in [strength]; Sancisi ap/03-in [coupling to visible matter]; Bovy & Farrar PRL(09)-a0807 [and fifth force, bounds]; Grib & Pavlov G&C(09)-a0810 [conversion into visible matter in AGNs].
@ Structure formation: Del Popolo ap/02; Diemand et al Nat(05)ap [small halos in the early universe]; Silk LNP(07)ap/06; Primack a0909-in; Boyarsky et al a0911 [matter distribution and scaling]; > s.a. galaxy formation.
@ And cmb: Padmanabhan & Finkbeiner PRD(05)ap [annihiliations and polarization]; Hooper et al PRD(07)-a0705 [annihilations and WMAP haze].
@ Related topics: Lewis & Challinor PRD(02) [perturbations]; Blanchard & Douspis A&A(05)ap/04 [clusters]; Ahluwalia-Khalilova ap/06; Iorio JCAP(06)gq [solar system orbits]; > s.a. fine-structure constant [variation].

General References > s.a. [relativistic cosmology]; Conformal Gravity.
@ History: Zwicki HPA(33), tr GRG(09); van den Bergh PASP-ap/99; Einasto ap/04-in.
@ Status, reviews: news Sci(91)jan; Griest ap/95-in; Raffelt ap/95-in; Bahcall ap/96; Jetzer ap/96; Hu et al PRD(99)ap/98; Bosma ap/98-in; Ellis ap/98-in [particle candidates]; Turner ap/99-in, ap/99-in; Bergström RPP(00)hp; Sellwood & Kosowsky ap/00-in [+CDM vs modified general relativity]; Evans ap/01-in [vs non-standard gravity]; Carr ap/01-in [MACHOS]; Khalil & Muñoz CP(02); Spooner & Kudryavtsev ed-01; Primack ap/01-in, ap/03-in; Olive ap/03-ln; Bergström hp/03-in; Rees PTRS(03)ap/04; Bahcall et al ed-04; Muñoz IJMPA(04) [experimental]; Sahni LNP-ap/04 [and dark energy]; Overduin & Wesson PRP(04)ap; Bertone et al PRP(05) [particles]; Frampton ap/05-in [and dark energy, intro]; news BBC(06)feb; Peskin JPSJ(07)-a0707-ln; Ellis a0811-in; Einasto a0901-in; Primack a0902-in [issues with observations and simulations of galaxies]; D'Amico et al a0907-ln; issue NPPS(09)194 [proc].
@ I: Disney 84; Tucker & Tucker 88; PW(95)jun, p39; Krauss 89, 00; Hooper 06 [and dark energy, r PT(07)jul].
@ II, articles: Krauss SA(86)dec; Trimble CP(88); Tremaine PT(92)feb; Auteri ap/07-in.
@ II, books: B Parker 89; Srednicki ed-90; Riordan & Schramm 91; Sciama 93; Overduin & Wesson 02.
@ And other matter: Mazzei ap/04 [rev]; Wilczek hp/04-in [anthropic reasoning]; Mangano et al PRD(06)ap [neutrino interactions].
@ And biological phenomena: Zioutas PLB(90); Collar PLB(96)ap/95 [extinctions].
@ Arguments against: Roberts ap/05; Barak & Leibowitz a0909 [no need for dark matter or dark energy].
@ Related topics: Cline ap/05-in [vs MOND]; Ahluwalia IJMPD-a0904 [relativity in the dark sector, Elko example]; > s.a. anthropic principle.

Online Resources > see Astronomy Today article.

Alternatives to Dark Matter
* MOND: Modified Newtonian Dynamics was considered as a possible alternative for a few years; In 2002–2003 new data, especially from the SDSS, contradicted MOND predictions; However, some people are still impressed with its rotation curve predictions.
* Other theories: Other alternatives include Moffat's bimetric gravity and Mannheim's conformal gravity.
@ MOND: Sanders & McGaugh ARAA(02)ap; Aguirre ap/03-in [rev]; Pointecouteau ap/06 [vs dark matter].
@ Modified gravity: Sellwood & Kosowsky ap/01-in; Sobouti ap/06; Chalmers pw(06)jun; Sereno & Jetzer MNRAS(06)ap; Vanderburgh PhSc(05)dec [conceptual]; Kahya & Woodard PLB(07)-a0705 [proposed test]; Brownstein & Moffat MNRAS(07) + pw(07)nov [Bullet cluster]; Brownstein a0908-PhD; > s.a. bimetric theories; higher-order gravity; theories of gravitation; unified theories [Weyl-Dirac].
@ Related topics: Milgrom SA(02)aug [questioning the existence]; Funkhouser gq/03 [Mach-type forces]; Vishwakarma S&S(06)ap/04 [galaxy rotation]; Mannheim PPNP(06)ap/05 [to dark matter and dark energy]; Pal et al PLB(05) [effective 4D theory from branes]; Cooperstock & Tieu ap/05/ApJ [general relativity does the job], commemt Garfinkle CQG(06)gq/05; Moffat ap/06 [lensing]; Carati & Galgani a0707-wd [outer mass distribution in (clusters of) galaxies]; Cooperstock & Tieu MPLA(08)-a0712 [general relativistic velocity].

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