Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND)  

In General > s.a. dark matter; variation of constants.
* Idea: At accelerations below a certain value a0, Newton's second law of dynamics is replaced by F = ma2/a0.
* History: 1983, Proposed by Milgrom as a way to explain flat galactic rotation curves without the need for dark matter; To explain the flatness of the curves, one can set a0 1.2 10–10 m/s2 cH0/6; The effective gravitational attraction approaches (gN a0)1/2, where gN is the usual Newtonian acceleration; The effective force goes like 1/r at large distances.
* Consequences: When a = (gN a0)1/2, a body gravitationally bound to a mass M will orbit with speed v4 = a0GM, independent of distance! (The exponent agrees with the Tully-Fisher relation); If used as alternative to dark matter (but possibly with a cosmological constant), predicts the ratio between the heights of the peaks of the cmb power spectrum; 2004, A1/A2 agrees with WMAP data, A2/A3 has not been reliably measured yet.
* Status: 2004, It is a phenomenological proposal, which could be related to a modification of Newton's law of motion F = ma, or of the Poisson equation for gravity, but is still lacking a theoretical interpretation and covariant formulation; 2004, Proposal of TeVeS by Bekenstein; 2007, University of Washington measurements support validity of Newton's second law down to 5 10–14 m/s2.
@ Reviews: Milgrom APPB(01)ap-in, a0801-in; Sanders MPLA(03); Scarpa ap/06-in; Frank disc(06)aug [I]; Bekenstein CP(06)ap/07.
@ General papers: Milgrom ApJ(83); Milgrom PLA(99)ap/98 [as vacuum effect], ap/02-in; Sanders ap/01-in; Soussa & Woodard CQG(03)ap, Soussa ht/03-in [non-local formulation]; Dunkel ApJ(04)ap [as limit of Newtonian + dark matter]; Milgrom ap/05-in [modified inertia vs modified gravity]; Shariati & Jafari a0710 [and dark matter].
@ Origin: Jordan ap/04 [acceleration fluctuations]; Kao ap/06 [extra dimension]; Blanchet CQG(07)ap/06 [gravitational polarization]; Zaveri a0805; Zhao a0805 [neutrino-gravity coupling].
@ Other applications: McLaughlin & Meylan ap/03-in [MOND not needed]; Ciotti & Binney MNRAS(04)ap [two-body relaxation].
@ Other consequences: Ignatiev PRL(07)gq/06 + news pw(07)mar [possible violation of Newton's second law – SHLEM]; Shariati & Jafari a0710 [and conservation of energy]; Ignatiev PRD(08)-a0802 [test using high-latitude effect on Earth]; > s.a. black holes.
@ Alternatives: Romero & Zamora PRD(06)ap.

And Gravitation > s.a. gravitation.
* Bekenstein's TeVeS theory: A tensor-vector-scalar theory of gravitation; Can be written as a bi-metric theory, with the two metrics related by a disformal transformation defined by a dynamical vector field and a scalar field.
@ References: Mendes & Opher PLB(01)ap [sub-mm tests]; Roscoe GRG(04); Bekenstein PRD(04)ap, ap/04-in [scalar-vector-tensor theory]; Skordis et al PRL(06)ap/05 [large-scale structure]; Giannios PRD(05) [spherical static solutions]; Bekenstein & Sanders ap/05-in, ap/06-in [intro]; Kao gq/05 [and induced gravity]; Zlosnik et al PRD(06)gq [as vector-tensor theory]; Bruneton & Esposito-Farèse PRD(07)-a0705; Contaldi et al a0802 [caustic problem]; Tamaki a0803-PRD [PN parameters].

Astrophysics and Cosmology
@ Galaxies: Milgrom ApJL(98)ap [galaxy groups]; Nusser MNRAS(02)ap/01; Milgrom & Sanders MNRAS(05)ap/04 ["halo" phenomenology]; Scarpa ap/05/MNRAS [ultra-compact dwarves]; Famaey & Binney MNRAS(05)ap [and MW]; Corbelli & Salucci MNRAS(07)ap/06 [M31 & M33, seems not to work]; Tiret & Combes ap/07/A&A [evolution]; Sanders & Noordermeer ap/07/MNRAS [seems to work]; Nipoti et al a0705-MNRAS [merging simulations]; Klypin & Prada a0706 [satellites of galaxies, MOND fails]; Wu et al ApJ(07)-a0706 [stability]; Milgrom & Sanders a0709-ApJ [dark-matter-like ring]; Ferreras et al PRL(08)-a0709 [need for dark matter]; Tiret & Combes a0712-in [interactions]; Sanders a0712-MNRAS [formation]; Milgrom a0712-in; Wu et al a0803-MNRAS [and LMC]; Sanders a0806-in [and dark matter].
@ Cosmology: Lue & Starkman PRL(04)ap/03; McGaugh ApJ(04)ap/03 [WMAP results]; Hao & Akhoury ap/05 [dark matter and dark energy]; Slosar et al PRD(05)ap [and Boomerang results]; Sanders ap/05-in [rev]; Knebe ap/05-in [simulations of structure formation]; Halle a0710-rp [and ether]; Szydlowski et al a0712 [cosmic expansion].
@ Cosmology, TeVeS: Skordis PRD(06)ap/05 [evolution and perturbations]; Díaz-Rivera et al PRD(06)ap [inflation]; news pw(06)jun; Bourliot et al PRD(07)ap/06; Dodelson & Liguori PRL(06) + pw(06)dec; Zhao IJMPD(07) [dark matter and dark energy]; Skordis PRD(08)-a0801.
@ And lensing: Soussa & Woodard PLB(04)ap/03 [problem]; Zhao et al MNRAS(06)ap/05; > s.a. lensing.
@ And globular clusters: Scarpa et al A&A(03)ap, ap/03-in, ap/06-in, A&AL-ap/06, Mess(07)-a0707.
@ Solar system constraints: Sanders MNRAS(06)ap; Bekenstein & Magueijo PRD(06)ap; Iorio JGPO(08)-a0711.
@ Other constraints: Scarpa et al ap/02-in; Sahni & Shtanov IJMPD(08)gq/06 [proposed artificial planetary system APSIS]; Páramos & Bertolami gq/06-in; Famaey et al MNRAS(07)ap [galactic escape speed]; Gundlach et al PRL(07) + pw(07)apr [lab test]; Iorio & Ruggiero IJMPA(07) [double pulsar].

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