Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND)  

In General > s.a. variation of constants.
* Idea: At accelerations below a certain value a0 (g = < a0), Newton's second law of dynamics is replaced by F = ma2/a0.
* History: 1983, Proposed by Milgrom as a way to explain flat galactic rotation curves without the need for dark matter; To explain the flatness of the curves, one can set a0 1.2 10–10 m/s2 cH0/6; The effective gravitational attraction approaches (gN a0)1/2, where gN is the usual Newtonian acceleration; The effective force goes like 1/r at large distances.
* Consequences: When a = (gN a0)1/2 ("deep MOND"), a body gravitationally bound to a mass M will orbit with speed v4 = a0GM, independent of distance! (The exponent agrees with the Tully-Fisher relation); If used as alternative to dark matter (but possibly with a cosmological constant), the theory predicts the ratio between the heights of the peaks of the cmb power spectrum; 2004, A1/A2 agrees with WMAP data, A2/A3 has not been reliably measured yet.
* Status: 2004, It is a phenomenological proposal, which could be related to a modification of Newton's law of motion F = ma, or of the Poisson equation for gravity, but is still lacking a theoretical interpretation and covariant formulation; 2004, Proposal of TeVeS by Bekenstein; 2007, University of Washington measurements support validity of Newton's second law down to 5 10–14 m/s2.
@ Reviews: Milgrom APPB(01)ap-in, a0801-in; Sanders MPLA(03); Scarpa AIP-ap/06; Frank disc(06)aug [I]; Bekenstein CP(06)ap/07; Milgrom a0908 [semi-popular].
@ General papers: Milgrom ApJ(83); Milgrom PLA(99)ap/98 [as vacuum effect], NAR(02)ap [rev]; Sanders ap/01-in; Soussa & Woodard CQG(03)ap, Soussa ht/03-in [non-local formulation]; Milgrom ap/05-in [modified inertia vs modified gravity]; Darabi a0908 [Machian interpretation].
@ Other origin: Jordan ap/04 [acceleration fluctuations]; Kao ap/06 [extra dimension]; Blanchet CQG(07)ap/06 [gravitational polarization]; Zaveri a0805; Zhao a0805 [neutrino-gravity coupling]; Milgrom ApJ-a0810 [and spacetime scale invariance].
@ Other applications: McLaughlin & Meylan ap/03-in [MOND not needed]; Ciotti & Binney MNRAS(04)ap [two-body relaxation].
@ Other consequences: Ignatiev PRL(07)gq/06 + news pw(07)mar [possible violation of Newton's second law – SHLEM]; Shariati & Jafari a0710 [and conservation of energy]; Ignatiev PRD(08)-a0802 [test using high-latitude effect on Earth]; > s.a. black holes.
@ Alternatives: Romero & Zamora PRD(06)ap; Blanchet et Combes Rech-a0910 [dipolar matter].

And Gravitation > s.a. jacobi dynamics; theories of gravitation and phenomenology.
* Bekenstein's TeVeS theory: A tensor-vector-scalar theory of gravitation; Can be written as a bi-metric theory, with the two metrics related by a disformal transformation defined by a dynamical vector field and a scalar field; 2009, Seems to have trouble simultaneously fitting lensing and rotation curves without any dark matter.
* AQUAL: An implementation of MOND as a non-relativistic modified-gravity theory.
* External field effect: In MOND, the internal dynamics of a gravitating system s embedded in a larger one S is affected by the external background field of S even if it is constant and uniform, thus implying a violation of the Strong Equivalence Principle.
@ General references: Mendes & Opher PLB(01)ap [sub-mm tests]; Roscoe GRG(04); Bekenstein PRD(04)ap, ap/04-in [scalar-vector-tensor theory]; Skordis et al PRL(06)ap/05 [large-scale structure]; Bekenstein & Sanders ap/05-in [intro]; Kao gq/05 [and induced gravity]; Sanders LNP(07)ap/06; Zlosnik et al PRD(06)gq [as vector-tensor theory]; Bruneton & Esposito-Farèse PRD(07)-a0705; Contaldi et al PRD(08)-a0802 [caustic problem]; Tamaki PRD(08)-a0803 [PN parameters]; Bekenstein NPA-a0901 [rev, AQUAL].
@ Solutions, special systems: Giannios PRD(05) [spherical static solutions]; Malekjani et al ApJ-a0811 [spherical collapse].
@ Phenomenology: Mavromatos et al PRD(09)-a0901, Ferreras et al a0907 [lensing and rotation curves].

Astrophysics and Cosmology > s.a. dark matter.
@ Galaxies: Nusser MNRAS(02)ap/01; Milgrom & Sanders MNRAS(05)ap/04 ["halo" phenomenology]; Scarpa ap/05/MNRAS [ultra-compact dwarves]; Famaey & Binney MNRAS(05)ap [and Milky Way]; Corbelli & Salucci MNRAS(07)ap/06 [M31 & M33, seems not to work]; Tiret & Combes A&A-ap/07 [evolution]; Famaey et al MNRAS(07)ap [galactic escape speed]; Sanders & Noordermeer MNRAS(07)ap [seems to work]; Wu et al ApJ(07)-a0706 [stability]; Sanders MNRAS-a0712 [formation]; Milgrom NAR(08)-a0712-in; Wu et al MNRAS-a0803 [and LMC]; Samurovic & Cirkovic A&A(08)-a0811 [NGC 4649].
@ Relationship with dark matter: Dunkel ApJ(04)ap [as limit of Newtonian + dark matter]; Milgrom & Sanders ApJ-a0709 [dark-matter-like ring]; Ferreras et al PRL(08)-a0709 [need for dark matter]; Shariati & Jafari a0710; Sanders a0806-in; Bruneton et al JCAP(09)-a0811 [MOND-like effects of dark matter]; Tiret & Combes A&A-a0901 [implications of dark baryons]; Famaey & Bruneton a0906-in [effective MOND behavior from interactions].
@ Satellites and galaxy clusters: Milgrom ApJL(98)ap [galaxy groups]; Nipoti et al MNRAS-a0705 [merging simulations]; Klypin & Prada ApJ(09)-a0706 [satellites of galaxies, MOND fails]; Tiret & Combes a0712-in [interactions]; Shi a0903 [Local Group].
@ Cosmology: Lue & Starkman PRL(04)ap/03; McGaugh ApJ(04)ap/03 [WMAP results]; Hao & Akhoury IJMPD-ap/05 [dark matter and dark energy]; Slosar et al PRD(05)ap [and Boomerang results]; Sanders ap/05-in [rev]; Knebe ap/05-in [simulations of structure formation]; Halle a0710-rp [and ether]; Szydlowski et al a0712-in [cosmic expansion].
@ Cosmology, TeVeS: Skordis PRD(06)ap/05 [evolution and perturbations]; Díaz-Rivera et al PRD(06)ap [inflation]; news pw(06)jun; Bourliot et al PRD(07)ap/06; Dodelson & Liguori PRL(06) + pw(06)dec; Zhao IJMPD(07), MPLA(08)-a0802 [dark matter and dark energy]; Skordis PRD(08)-a0801, CQG(09)-a0903.
@ And lensing: Soussa & Woodard PLB(04)ap/03 [problem]; Zhao et al MNRAS(06)ap/05; > s.a. lensing.
@ And globular clusters: Scarpa et al A&A(03)ap, ap/03-in, ap/06-in, A&AL-ap/06, Mess(07)-a0707; Jordi et al AJ-a0903.
@ Solar system constraints: Sanders MNRAS(06)ap; Bekenstein & Magueijo PRD(06)ap; Iorio JGPO(08)-a0711; Iorio ASS(09)-a0906 [from the external field effect]; Milgrom MNRAS-a0906 [planetary and spacecraft motions].
@ Other constraints: Scarpa et al ap/02-in; Sahni & Shtanov IJMPD(08)gq/06 [proposed artificial planetary system APSIS]; Páramos & Bertolami gq/06-in; Gundlach et al PRL(07) + pw(07)apr [lab test]; Iorio & Ruggiero IJMPA(07) [double pulsar].
@ Stars and stellar systems: Nipoti et al a0811-in [N-body simulations of collisionless stellar systems]; Lasky et al PRD(08)-a0811 [neutron stars]; Lasky PRD(09) [neutron stars and black holes].

main page – abbreviations – journals – comments – other sites – acknowledgements
send feedback and suggestions to bombelli at olemiss.edu – modified 31 oct 2009