In General > s.a. variation of constants.
* Idea: At accelerations
below a certain value a0 (g = ![]()
<
a0),
Newton's second law of dynamics is replaced by F = ma2/a0.
* History: 1983, Proposed
by Milgrom as a way to explain flat galactic rotation curves without
the need for dark matter; To explain the flatness of the curves, one can set
a0
1.2
10–10 m/s2
cH0/6;
The effective gravitational attraction approaches (gN a0)1/2,
where gN is the usual Newtonian
acceleration; The effective force goes like 1/r at large distances.
* Consequences: When a =
(gN a0)1/2 ("deep
MOND"), a body gravitationally bound to a mass M will orbit with
speed v4
= a0GM, independent of
distance! (The exponent agrees with the Tully-Fisher relation); If used
as alternative
to dark matter (but possibly with a cosmological constant), the theory predicts
the ratio
between the heights of the peaks of the cmb power spectrum; 2004,
A1/A2 agrees
with WMAP data, A2/A3
has not been reliably measured yet.
* Status: 2004, It is
a phenomenological proposal, which could be related to a modification of Newton's
law of motion F = ma, or of the Poisson
equation
for gravity, but is still lacking a theoretical interpretation and
covariant
formulation; 2004, Proposal of TeVeS by Bekenstein; 2007, University of Washington
measurements support validity of Newton's second law down to 5
10–14 m/s2.
@ Reviews: Milgrom APPB(01)ap-in,
a0801-in; Sanders MPLA(03);
Scarpa AIP-ap/06;
Frank disc(06)aug
[I]; Bekenstein CP(06)ap/07;
Milgrom a0908 [semi-popular].
@ General papers: Milgrom ApJ(83); Milgrom PLA(99)ap/98 [as
vacuum effect], NAR(02)ap [rev];
Sanders ap/01-in;
Soussa & Woodard CQG(03)ap,
Soussa ht/03-in
[non-local formulation]; Milgrom ap/05-in
[modified inertia vs modified gravity]; Darabi a0908 [Machian interpretation].
@ Other origin: Jordan ap/04 [acceleration
fluctuations]; Kao ap/06 [extra
dimension]; Blanchet CQG(07)ap/06 [gravitational
polarization]; Zaveri a0805;
Zhao a0805 [neutrino-gravity
coupling]; Milgrom ApJ-a0810
[and spacetime scale invariance].
@ Other applications: McLaughlin & Meylan ap/03-in
[MOND not needed]; Ciotti & Binney MNRAS(04)ap [two-body
relaxation].
@ Other consequences: Ignatiev PRL(07)gq/06 +
news pw(07)mar
[possible
violation of Newton's second law – SHLEM]; Shariati & Jafari a0710 [and
conservation
of energy]; Ignatiev PRD(08)-a0802 [test
using high-latitude
effect on Earth]; > s.a. black
holes.
@ Alternatives: Romero & Zamora PRD(06)ap;
Blanchet et Combes Rech-a0910 [dipolar matter].
And Gravitation > s.a. jacobi
dynamics; theories
of gravitation and
phenomenology.
* Bekenstein's TeVeS theory:
A tensor-vector-scalar theory of gravitation; Can be written as a bi-metric
theory, with the two metrics related by a disformal transformation defined
by a dynamical vector field and a scalar field; 2009, Seems to have trouble simultaneously
fitting lensing and rotation curves without any dark matter.
* AQUAL: An implementation
of MOND as a non-relativistic modified-gravity theory.
* External field effect: In
MOND, the internal dynamics of a gravitating system s embedded in a
larger one
S is affected by the external background field of S even
if it is
constant
and uniform, thus implying a violation of the Strong Equivalence Principle.
@ General references: Mendes & Opher PLB(01)ap [sub-mm
tests]; Roscoe GRG(04);
Bekenstein PRD(04)ap, ap/04-in
[scalar-vector-tensor theory]; Skordis et al PRL(06)ap/05 [large-scale
structure]; Bekenstein & Sanders ap/05-in
[intro];
Kao gq/05 [and
induced gravity]; Sanders LNP(07)ap/06;
Zlosnik et al PRD(06)gq [as
vector-tensor theory]; Bruneton & Esposito-Farèse PRD(07)-a0705;
Contaldi et al PRD(08)-a0802 [caustic
problem]; Tamaki PRD(08)-a0803
[PN parameters]; Bekenstein NPA-a0901 [rev,
AQUAL].
@ Solutions, special systems: Giannios PRD(05)
[spherical static solutions]; Malekjani et al ApJ-a0811 [spherical
collapse].
@ Phenomenology: Mavromatos et al PRD(09)-a0901,
Ferreras et al a0907 [lensing
and rotation curves].
Astrophysics and Cosmology > s.a. dark
matter.
@ Galaxies: Nusser MNRAS(02)ap/01;
Milgrom & Sanders MNRAS(05)ap/04 ["halo" phenomenology];
Scarpa ap/05/MNRAS
[ultra-compact dwarves]; Famaey & Binney MNRAS(05)ap [and
Milky Way]; Corbelli & Salucci MNRAS(07)ap/06 [M31 & M33,
seems not to work]; Tiret & Combes A&A-ap/07
[evolution]; Famaey et al MNRAS(07)ap [galactic
escape speed]; Sanders & Noordermeer MNRAS(07)ap
[seems to work]; Wu et al ApJ(07)-a0706 [stability];
Sanders MNRAS-a0712
[formation]; Milgrom NAR(08)-a0712-in;
Wu et al MNRAS-a0803
[and LMC]; Samurovic & Cirkovic A&A(08)-a0811 [NGC
4649].
@ Relationship with dark matter: Dunkel ApJ(04)ap [as
limit of Newtonian + dark matter]; Milgrom & Sanders ApJ-a0709 [dark-matter-like
ring]; Ferreras et al PRL(08)-a0709 [need
for dark matter]; Shariati & Jafari a0710;
Sanders a0806-in;
Bruneton et al JCAP(09)-a0811 [MOND-like
effects of dark matter]; Tiret
& Combes A&A-a0901 [implications
of dark baryons]; Famaey & Bruneton a0906-in
[effective MOND behavior from interactions].
@ Satellites and galaxy clusters:
Milgrom ApJL(98)ap [galaxy
groups]; Nipoti et al MNRAS-a0705 [merging
simulations]; Klypin & Prada ApJ(09)-a0706 [satellites
of galaxies, MOND fails];
Tiret & Combes a0712-in
[interactions]; Shi a0903 [Local
Group].
@ Cosmology: Lue & Starkman PRL(04)ap/03;
McGaugh ApJ(04)ap/03 [WMAP
results]; Hao & Akhoury IJMPD-ap/05 [dark
matter
and dark energy]; Slosar et al PRD(05)ap [and
Boomerang results]; Sanders ap/05-in
[rev]; Knebe ap/05-in
[simulations of structure formation]; Halle a0710-rp
[and ether]; Szydlowski et al a0712-in
[cosmic
expansion].
@ Cosmology, TeVeS: Skordis PRD(06)ap/05 [evolution
and perturbations]; Díaz-Rivera et al PRD(06)ap [inflation];
news pw(06)jun;
Bourliot et al PRD(07)ap/06;
Dodelson & Liguori PRL(06)
+ pw(06)dec;
Zhao IJMPD(07), MPLA(08)-a0802 [dark
matter and dark energy]; Skordis PRD(08)-a0801,
CQG(09)-a0903.
@ And lensing: Soussa & Woodard PLB(04)ap/03 [problem];
Zhao et al MNRAS(06)ap/05; > s.a. lensing.
@ And globular clusters: Scarpa et al A&A(03)ap, ap/03-in, ap/06-in,
A&AL-ap/06,
Mess(07)-a0707;
Jordi et al AJ-a0903.
@ Solar system constraints: Sanders MNRAS(06)ap;
Bekenstein & Magueijo PRD(06)ap;
Iorio JGPO(08)-a0711;
Iorio ASS(09)-a0906 [from
the external
field effect]; Milgrom MNRAS-a0906 [planetary
and spacecraft motions].
@ Other constraints: Scarpa et al ap/02-in;
Sahni & Shtanov IJMPD(08)gq/06
[proposed
artificial
planetary system APSIS]; Páramos & Bertolami gq/06-in;
Gundlach et al PRL(07)
+ pw(07)apr
[lab test]; Iorio & Ruggiero IJMPA(07)
[double pulsar].
@ Stars and stellar systems: Nipoti et al a0811-in
[N-body
simulations of collisionless
stellar systems]; Lasky et al PRD(08)-a0811 [neutron
stars]; Lasky PRD(09)
[neutron
stars and black holes].
main page – abbreviations – journals – comments – other
sites – acknowledgements
send feedback and suggestions to bombelli at olemiss.edu – modified 31
oct
2009